RESUMO
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most frequent malignancy worldwide and has a high mortality rate related to late diagnosis. Although the gold standard for the GC diagnosis is endoscopy with biopsy, nonetheless, it is not cost-effective and is invasive for the patient. The Human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) molecule is a checkpoint of the immune response. Its overexpression in cancer is associated with immune evasion, metastasis, poor prognosis, and lower overall survival. We evaluate the plasma levels of soluble HLA-G, (sHLA-G) in patients with GC and benign gastric pathologies using an ELISA test. A higher concentration of sHLA-G in patients with GC than in those with benign pathologies, higher levels of plasma sHLA-G in women with GC compared with men and significant differences in the sHLA-G levels between the benign gastric pathologies evaluated, was our main findings. As no significant differences were found between the GC assessed stages in our study population, we suggest that sHLA-G is not an adequate marker for staging GC, but it does have diagnostic potential. In addition to providing information on the potential of sHLA-G as a diagnostic marker for GC, our study demonstrate that HLA-G molecules can be found in the membrane of exosomes, which highlights the need to perform studies with a larger number of samples to explore the functional implications of HLA-G positive exosomes in the context of gastric cancer, and to determine the clinical significance and possible applications of these findings in the development of non-invasive diagnostic methods.
Assuntos
Antígenos HLA-G , Neoplasias Gástricas , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias Gástricas/diagnóstico , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , BiomarcadoresRESUMO
Introducción. El virus de la hepatitis E se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública, especialmente en los países en desarrollo. Se conocen cuatro genotipos en mamíferos, de los cuales el G3 se ha encontrado en hepatitis autóctonas en países y regiones con gran población de cerdos, y el G1 se ha asociado a muertes maternas. Objetivo. Determinar la infección simultánea con el virus de la hepatitis E y sus genotipos circulantes en Colombia en 1.097 sueros utilizando los marcadores serológicos de los virus de las hepatitis A, B y C. Materiales y métodos. Se seleccionaron 1.097 sueros provenientes de diferentes municipios de Colombia, conservados en el Laboratorio de Virología del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Se determinaron los anticuerpos IgG e IgM anti-hepatitis E. A los positivos se les amplificó el genoma viral mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa convencional. Los productos se secuenciaron y analizaron filogenéticamente y se los comparó con las secuencias del ORF2 registradas en el GenBank. Resultados. Se identificaron 278 sueros positivos para IgG anti-hepatitis E, 62 para IgM y 64 para ambos marcadores. La infección simultánea con los virus de la hepatitis E y la hepatitis A determinada por IgG anti-hepatitis E fue de 33,6 % y por IgM anti-hepatitis E fue de 16,1 %; la infección simultánea por los virus de la hepatitis E y B fue de 23,4 % y 8,1 %, y por los virus de la hepatitis E y C fue de 35,4 % y 5,83 %, respectivamente. De las 52 muestras positivas en la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa convencional, nueve secuencias se agruparon como genotipo 3a de origen porcino, cepa norteamericana. Conclusiones. La mayor seropositividad se registró para las hepatitis A y E. La frecuencia de la infección simultánea con el virus de la hepatitis E y otros virus hepatótropos indica que este patógeno puede ser más frecuente de lo esperado. La circulación del genotipo 3a implica que esta enfermedad puede presentarse en forma de brote y de zoonosis en Colombia.
Introduction: Hepatitis E virus has emerged as a public health problem, particularly in developing countries. The four genotypes identified in mammals include the G3 found in indigenous hepatitis in countries and regions with high porcine population, and the G1, associated with maternal deaths. Objective: To determine coinfection by hepatitis E virus and the circulating genotypes in Colombia in 1,097 samples using serological markers for hepatitis A, B and C. Materials and methods: Serum samples of 1,097 patients from different regions of Colombia stored at the Laboratorio de Virología of the Instituto Nacional de Salud were selected to detect IgG and IgM anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies. The viral genomes of positive samples were amplified by RT-PCR, and the products were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed by comparing ORF2 sequences deposited in the GenBank. Results: IgG anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies were found in 278 samples, IgM in 62, and both markers in 64. Hepatitis E virus and hepatitis A virus coinfection determined by IgG anti-hepatitis E virus was 33.6% and 16.1% by IgM; hepatitis E virus and hepatitis B virus coinfection was 23.4% and 8.1%, and hepatitis E virus and hepatitis C virus coinfection was 35.4% and 5.83%, respectively. Among the 52 positive samples by PCR nine were sequenced and grouped within genotype 3A of the American porcine strain. Conclusions: The highest seropositivity was observed for hepatitis A and E. The incidence of hepatitis E virus coinfection with other hepatotropic viruses indicated that this pathogen is more frequent than expected. The circulation of genotype 3A implies that this disease may occur in outbreaks and as zoonosis in Colombia.
Assuntos
Coinfecção , Vírus da Hepatite E , Genótipo , Hepatite ARESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis E virus has emerged as a public health problem, particularly in developing countries. The four genotypes identified in mammals include the G3 found in indigenous hepatitis in countries and regions with high porcine population, and the G1, associated with maternal deaths. OBJECTIVE: To determine coinfection by hepatitis E virus and the circulating genotypes in Colombia in 1,097 samples using serological markers for hepatitis A, B and C. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum samples of 1,097 patients from different regions of Colombia stored at the Laboratorio de Virología of the Instituto Nacional de Salud were selected to detect IgG and IgM anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies. The viral genomes of positive samples were amplified by RT-PCR, and the products were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed by comparing ORF2 sequences deposited in the GenBank. RESULTS: IgG anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies were found in 278 samples, IgM in 62, and both markers in 64. Hepatitis E virus and hepatitis A virus coinfection determined by IgG anti-hepatitis E virus was 33.6% and 16.1% by IgM; hepatitis E virus and hepatitis B virus coinfection was 23.4% and 8.1%, and hepatitis E virus and hepatitis C virus coinfection was 35.4% and 5.83%, respectively. Among the 52 positive samples by PCR nine were sequenced and grouped within genotype 3A of the American porcine strain. CONCLUSIONS: The highest seropositivity was observed for hepatitis A and E. The incidence of hepatitis E virus coinfection with other hepatotropic viruses indicated that this pathogen is more frequent than expected. The circulation of genotype 3A implies that this disease may occur in outbreaks and as zoonosis in Colombia.
